Skeletal manifestations of systemic autoimmune diseases.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures and osteonecrosis often at a young age among patients with certain systemic autoimmune diseases. The loss of bone mineral density and bone integrity seen with these diseases often cannot be explained by traditional risk factors alone. In this review, we focus on rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, two systemic autoimmune diseases in which skeletal manifestations have been well described. RECENT FINDINGS There is recent evidence that autoimmunity and its associated inflammation and vitamin D deficiency play key roles in the pathogenesis of adverse skeletal effects. SUMMARY Understanding these processes carries implications for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and osteonecrosis among patients with autoimmune diseases.